ABSTRACT
Aims: The present study examined the influence of age, health care and hygienic habits on the prevalence of Candidaspecies in the human oral cavity and genitourinary tract.Study Design:The study was a cross sectional study.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and Bishop Shanahan Hospital, Nsukka, between March 2006 and February 2007.Methodology:Oral and genitourinary samples were collected from 218 individuals (45 males, 173 females) within the ages of 12 and 67 years. Ninety-four of these volunteers responded to the questionnaire on health care and hygienic habits. The clinical specimen collected were cultured for the presence of Candidaspecies. The data obtained were statistically presented as means and percentages. Results:Out of 298 samples collected, 61/154 oral (19 males, 42females) and 53/144 genitourinary (0 male, 53 females) samples yielded growth of Candidaspecies. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Candida species between subjects who use toothpaste and those who use chewing stick for oral hygiene (P=0.93). Respondents who douched were more colonized with Candida26(39.39%) than those who did not (0%). Species of Candidawere significantly associated with the textile material of the undergarment (p = 0.044). Age significantly influenced the prevalence of Candidaspecies in the oral cavity(p < 0.05) but not in thegenitourinary tract (p = 0.612).Conclusion:The study recommends good personal hygiene and health care habits to reduce proliferation of Candida species
ABSTRACT
Aims:The aims of the study were to evaluate the multidrug resistance profile and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosaclinical isolates using phenotypic and genotypic methods.Study Design: A descriptive laboratory based study.Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, and Biotechnology Laboratory, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria, between June 2017 and November 2018.Methodology:Ten P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from patients at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, and susceptibilities to imipenem (10μg), meropenem (10μg) and a panel of antibiotics were performed by the disk diffusion method. Genotypic methods including Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis were carried out according to established protocols. oprD and blaIMPgene primers were used for the PCR amplification. Results: Fifty percent (50%) of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance. Four isolates (40%) were carbapenem resistant (CR). oprDgene was detectedin 90% (9/10) of the isolates. 75% (3/4) of CR strains were among the strains showing oprDgene. 25% (1/4) CR strain (PA1421) was oprDnegative. Loss or mutation of oprDgene seems to be the mechanism of carbapenem resistance in strain PA1421. Conclusion: Loss or mutation of oprDgene was identified in this study as a mechanism of carbapenem resistance. oprDgene encodes the outer membrane protein (OprD) porin in P. aeruginosawhose deficiency confers resistance to carbapenems, especially imipenem. Surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofP. aeruginosais of critical importance in understanding new and emerging resistance trends, reviewing antibiotic policies and informing therapeutic options.